Arms trade, also referred to as the international trade in arms or the weapons trade, can be defined as the commercial exchange of weapons, ammunition, military equipment, and related technologies between different countries, governments, or non-state actors. This trade includes the buying, selling, and transfer of arms, both legal and illicit, for various purposes such as military use, self-defense, law enforcement, and even illegal activities.
Arms trade encompasses a wide range of weaponry, from small arms like handguns and rifles to heavy artillery, missiles, tanks, aircraft, and naval vessels. It involves various stakeholders, including governments, defense contractors, private arms manufacturers, arms brokers, and black-market dealers. The trade often involves complex networks of intermediaries, money laundering, and covert operations.
Governments engage in arms trade to secure their national defense, enhance military capability, fulfill international commitments, or support allies. However, arms trade is a highly controversial and politically sensitive issue as it can both fuel and perpetuate conflicts, exacerbate regional tensions, and contribute to human rights abuses. Critics argue that the trade can undermine peace, stability, and development, and can often lead to the diversion of resources away from crucial social needs. Conversely, proponents claim that arms trade is a legitimate and necessary aspect of national security and defense, supporting domestic industries and employment opportunities.
International efforts to regulate arms trade exist, such as arms embargoes, multilateral agreements, and arms control regimes, aiming to prevent the misuse and proliferation of weapons. However, the effectiveness of these regulations remains a subject of ongoing debate and scrutiny.
