Bovine Immunodeficiency Viruses (BIV) are a group of retroviruses that infect bovine species, including cattle, buffalo, and yaks. These viruses belong to the genus Lentivirus and are closely related to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS in humans.
Bovine Immunodeficiency Viruses primarily target the immune system of infected animals, leading to immunodeficiency and making them more susceptible to various infectious diseases. The most common route of transmission is through direct contact with infected blood, semen, or milk. BIV can also be transmitted vertically from an infected mother to her offspring during pregnancy or birth.
Upon infection, BIV integrates its genetic material into the DNA of the host cells, primarily immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. The virus replicates within these cells, gradually depleting the immune system's ability to mount an effective response against pathogens.
Symptoms of BIV infection can vary but commonly include weight loss, decreased milk production, lethargy, and recurrent infections. Similar to HIV, BIV infection progresses slowly over time, leading to a weakened immune system and an increased risk of opportunistic infections.
Research has shown that Bovine Immunodeficiency Viruses do not pose a significant risk to human health, as they are highly species-specific and cannot be transmitted to humans. However, studying these viruses can provide valuable insights into lentiviral pathogenesis and immunodeficiency disorders, aiding in the development of treatments or preventive measures for both animal and human diseases.
