CHAIN REACTORS Meaning and
Definition
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Chain reactors are nuclear reactors that utilize a self-sustaining chain reaction to produce energy through the controlled fission of atomic nuclei. These reactors consist of a core containing a fissile material, usually enriched uranium or plutonium, surrounded by a moderator and coolant. The moderator slows down the neutrons released in the fission process, increasing their likelihood of inducing further fission. The coolant removes heat from the core and transfers it to a turbine system for electricity generation.
The chain reaction in chain reactors occurs when a fissile nucleus absorbs a neutron, causing it to become unstable and split into multiple smaller nuclei, releasing additional neutrons. These neutrons then collide with other fissile nuclei, continuing the reaction in a self-sustaining manner. This process releases an immense amount of energy in the form of heat, which is harnessed to generate electricity.
Chain reactors are designed with control mechanisms to regulate the rate of the nuclear reaction, preventing it from becoming uncontrollable or leading to a catastrophic failure. Control rods made of materials like boron or cadmium can be inserted into the core to absorb excess neutrons and slow down or stop the chain reaction. Additionally, emergency shutdown systems are incorporated into chain reactor designs to rapidly terminate the chain reaction in critical situations.
Chain reactors are widely used for commercial electricity generation due to their efficiency and the abundant fuel sources available. They require careful management of radioactive waste, as the byproducts of nuclear fission can be hazardous and long-lasting. However, when properly operated and controlled, chain reactors provide a significant source of clean energy with a low carbon footprint.
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