Feline T Lymphotropic Lentivirus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that specifically infects and replicates within the feline immune system's T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in the body's defense against infections. FeLV belongs to the lentivirus subgroup, meaning it has a long latency period before the onset of clinical symptoms.
FeLV is primarily transmitted between cats through direct contact with saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and feces from infected individuals. Additionally, transmission can occur through bites, mutual grooming, and shared litter boxes and food bowls. Kittens can also acquire the virus from an infected mother during gestation or through milk during lactation.
Once the virus enters a susceptible cat's bloodstream, it can spread and infect various organs, including the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. This widespread viral presence can lead to severe immunosuppression, which leaves the infected cat vulnerable to various secondary infections, anemia, and cancer (especially lymphoma).
Diagnostic tests such as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) can detect the presence of FeLV antibodies or viral genetic material in a cat. Prevention and control measures include maintaining a closed and virus-free colony, preventing contact between infected and uninfected cats, regular testing, vaccination, and promptly identifying infected individuals for proper management and care.
Although FeLV infection was once a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic cats, comprehensive control efforts, testing, and vaccination programs have significantly reduced its prevalence.
