Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder characterized by the insufficient activity or absence of the glucosephosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) as it helps protect them against oxidative stress by converting glucose-6-phosphate into NADPH, a molecule responsible for neutralizing harmful reactive oxygen species.
Individuals with G6PD deficiency have red blood cells that are more susceptible to break down when exposed to certain triggers, including certain medications (such as antimalarials, sulfa drugs, and dapsone), infections, and certain foods such as fava beans. These triggers cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to the destruction of red blood cells and a condition known as hemolytic anemia.
The severity of G6PD deficiency varies among individuals, with some individuals experiencing no symptoms while others may develop symptoms ranging from mild to severe, depending on the specific enzyme activity levels and triggers involved. Symptoms of G6PD deficiency may include fatigue, pale skin, dark urine, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
G6PD deficiency is an inherited condition, usually passed down through the X chromosome, which means it primarily affects males. However, females who carry the defective gene can also exhibit symptoms, albeit at a lower frequency.
Diagnosis of G6PD deficiency is typically done through blood tests that measure the enzyme activity level. Treatment mainly involves avoiding triggers that can induce oxidative stress, such as specific medications and foods. In severe cases, blood transfusions or other supportive measures may be necessary to manage complications resulting from hemolytic anemia.
