A neural tube defect (NTD) refers to a debilitating congenital abnormality that occurs during early pregnancy when the neural tube – a structure that eventually forms the spinal cord, brain, and other related tissues – fails to close properly. This results in the exposure of vulnerable parts of the nervous system to amniotic fluid and other harmful factors, leading to various health complications. NTDs can manifest in different forms, the most common being spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele.
Spina bifida occurs when the neural tube fails to close at the lower back, causing damage to the spinal cord and its protective covering. This may result in mild to severe physical and neurological impairments. Anencephaly, on the other hand, is characterized by the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp, leading to incomplete brain development and, unfortunately, fatality soon after birth. Lastly, encephalocele involves protrusion of brain tissue through an opening in the skull, often leading to both mental and physical disabilities.
Causes of NTDs can differ, with genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors all playing a role. Folate deficiency, the lack of proper supplementation during pregnancy, is a recognized risk factor. While some NTDs can be detected through prenatal screening, prevention through folic acid supplementation is highly recommended. Treatments for NTDs primarily focus on surgical interventions, physical therapy, and ongoing medical management to address associated health issues and improve quality of life.
