Sex cord stromal tumors (SCST) are a group of rare ovarian neoplasms that arise from the sex cord and stromal elements of the ovary. They make up approximately 8% of all ovarian tumors and are often predominantly hormonally active.
SCSTs are characterized by the presence of cells known as sex cord and stromal cells, which are responsible for the production of reproductive hormones like estrogen and progesterone. These tumors can have various histological subtypes including granulosa cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, and thecomas/fibromas. Each subtype is classified based on the type of cells present and their microscopic appearance.
These tumors often present with symptoms related to hormonal imbalance such as abnormal uterine bleeding, breast enlargement, or virilization. However, some SCSTs may be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during routine imaging or surgery.
The diagnosis of SCSTs is usually confirmed through imaging studies like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, which may show a solid mass in the ovary. In some cases, a biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor may be necessary to definitively diagnose and classify the tumor.
Treatment for SCSTs typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, often along with the affected ovary, and may be followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy depending on the characteristics and stage of the tumor.
Prognosis for SCSTs varies depending on factors such as tumor stage, histological subtype, and patient age. Overall, the prognosis is generally favorable, with a high rate of survival for early-stage tumors. However, some advanced or recurrent cases may be more aggressive and have a poorer prognosis.
