TUBERCULIN TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY Meaning and
Definition
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Tuberculin Type Hypersensitivity is a type of immunological response that occurs in individuals who have been exposed or immunized against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. This hypersensitivity reaction is classified as a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) or type IV hypersensitivity.
Upon exposure to the tuberculin antigen, which is a derivative of M. tuberculosis, individuals with a prior infection or vaccination typically develop a sensitized immune response. This type of hypersensitivity is mediated by T lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T cells, and involves the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Clinically, tuberculin type hypersensitivity manifests as a delayed local skin reaction to intradermal injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), which contains tuberculin antigens. A positive reaction is indicated by the development of a firm, raised, and red lesion at the site of the injection, known as an induration. The size of the induration is measured after 48 to 72 hours and serves as an indicator of the individual's immune response to tuberculosis.
Tuberculin type hypersensitivity is critical for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection or for confirming prior exposure to M. tuberculosis. It is widely used in tuberculin skin tests, such as the Mantoux test, to screen for tuberculosis infection or to assess the effectiveness of tuberculosis vaccines.
Common Misspellings for TUBERCULIN TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY
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